Battle of Tours

Hisham ibn Abd al-Malik (72-125 AH / 691-743 CE) was the tenth Umayyad caliph, whose nineteen-year reign was the dynasty's last long one. A careful administrator, he reorganised the diwans, the police and the postal service while the frontiers stopped advancing.

The Battle of Tours (732 CE) between Charles Martel's Frankish forces and the Umayyad army halted Muslim expansion into Western Europe, marking a decisive turning point that shaped the continent's political and religious landscape for centuries.