Ridda Wars

The first Rashidun Caliph (632-634 CE) and closest companion of Prophet Muhammad. Known as 'Al-Siddiq' (The Truthful), he preserved Islamic unity after the Prophet's death, defeated the Ridda rebellions, compiled the Quran, and initiated Islamic conquests beyond Arabia.

Abu Hudhayfa ibn Utba (d. 11 or 12 AH / 632 or 633 CE) was an early Companion of Prophet Muhammad, a son of the Meccan leader Utba ibn Rabi'a, an emigrant to Abyssinia and a veteran of Badr, who freed and adopted Salim and died commanding a wing of the Muslim army at Yamamah.

After heavy losses among the Qur'an reciters at Yamama, Caliph Abu Bakr ordered Zayd ibn Thabit to gather the Qur'an into a single written record. The resulting suhuf was an archival master held in the caliph's keeping, not a published edition, and it became the basis of Uthman's standardisation.

Ikrima ibn Abi Jahl (d. 13 AH / 634 CE) was the son of Abu Jahl and among the most determined Meccan opponents of Prophet Muhammad, condemned to death at the conquest of Mecca. Pardoned at his wife's plea, he accepted Islam, commanded armies in the Ridda Wars, and was killed fighting in Syria.

Khalid ibn al-Walid (592-642 CE) was the most effective commander of the early Islamic conquests, known as the Sword of Allah after the Prophet's description of him at Mu'tah. He led Muslim forces across Arabia, Iraq, and Syria.

Nusaybah bint Ka'ab, known as Umm Ammara, was an Ansari woman of Medina who took the Second Pledge of Aqaba, fought in defence of the Prophet at Uhud, and lost a hand at Yamama. Three hadith are transmitted from her.

The first four Caliphs of Islam (632-661 CE), known as the 'Rightly-Guided Caliphs,' who succeeded Prophet Muhammad and established the foundations of Islamic civilization through unprecedented territorial expansion, administrative innovation, and preservation of Islamic teachings.

The Ridda Wars (11-12 AH / 632-633 CE) were the campaigns by which the first caliph Abu Bakr suppressed the tribal revolts, zakat refusals and rival prophetic movements that broke out across Arabia after the Prophet's death, restoring Medinan authority over the peninsula in about four months.